The remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill

Should you find yourself hiking the Seneca Creek Greenway Trail, you’ll find the remains of a red stone building somewhere near Riley’s Lock, between the C&O Canal and the Potomac River. These ruins are what used to be the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill, a quarry that operated on and off from 1837 to 1901. The quarry’s good years were from 1837 to 1876, particularly 1837 to 1848, according to this source. The tract of land on which the quarry was located was sold to the State of Maryland in 1972 and it became part of the Seneca Creek State Park.

The remains that can be seen now give little indication of what once was, or how the mill operated, but thankfully some of this information has been preserved on the site linked above. I’ll quote from it here:

A large rough piece of sandstone was place on a little car and brought into the mill. It was placed under the saw blade which was then lowered onto the stone. The blade went back and forth just like people sawing wood. When a piece of stone was sawed off, they took the remaining stone back outside the mill, turned it over, put it back on the car, and brought it back into the mill to saw that side off. If they wanted all sides sawed, they’d repeat the process until they sawed it square.
To polish the stone, they would place it on a big round wheel which turned underneath the stone. Water and sand were poured on the wheel to grind the sandstone smooth. It was called a planing wheel… [An] 1882 auction described the property as a large Stone Mill, with the necessary machinery for twenty gangs of saws: a Second Mill with the machinery for four gangs of saws. The saws cut thru the sandstone at the rate of about one inch an hour. Water was dripped onto the saws to lubricate the blades. Perhaps the trough also collected the water and channeled it outside the mill.
Seneca Creek Greenway Trail Website

Ligia and I visited the remains of the mill in the spring of 2008. Here is a gallery of photographs I took at that time. Enjoy!

At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland
At the remains of the Seneca Stone-Cutting Mill near Riley’s Lock, Maryland

As mentioned in my previous post, I have put together a gallery of photographs from our visit to the Apafi Castle in Dumbraveni, Transilvania, Romania. It’s across the street from the Armenian Catholic church. It’s also worth noting that the Apafi Family also owned this manor in Mălâncrav, a village not far away from Dumbraveni. Legend has it there was and still might be an underground tunnel between the two properties.

When we arrived at the castle, there was no gatekeeper, as seems to be usual at these places. There was a phone number to call, someone answered and told us we’d need to wait about two hours until they got back. We weren’t going to do that, so we walked around the exterior walls and interior courtyard. The place was in a terrible state, as you can see from the photos. I felt an odd kinship with the place, like I’d been there before, a long time ago.

During communist times, it was used as an agricultural cooperative, where they stored and repaired machinery and grains, and the interior of the castle was used as a trade high school. So you can imagine that things look just as bad on the inside as they do on the outside. Gone are the period interiors, the furniture has long disappeared and nothing is the same. Remember though, it was 2011 then, it’s 2018 now, so perhaps the place has been somewhat restored in the meantime.

The history of the castle is not without its ups and downs. If you remember Grigore (Gergely) Apafi from my previous post, he bought all of the land in and around Dumbraveni in the middle of the sixteenth century from the Bethlen family (another ruling family in the region), and built the castle in the years 1552-1567, in the Renaissance style. His son Miklós established the family residence there in 1590. Things went on and even got better.

The castle’s golden age was in the period when Prince Mihaly Apafi made Dumbraveni his princely residence. Unfortunately after the death of his son Mihály in 1713, the family had no male descendants and Countess Bethlen Kata, his wife, came into possession of the estate. She made an agreement with the Treasury of the Austro-Hungarian regime in 1722, according to which she could use the estate during her lifetime, after which the castle would become the property of the Treasury. This agreement was contrary to an inheritance contract between the Apafi and Bethlen families from 1584, which stated that if a family dies without descendants, the other family receives their properties.

This is where things are unclear. One account states that Count Adam Bethlen brought a lawsuit based on the mentioned inheritance contract, and won the right to the property in 1776. Another account states that after the castle became the property of the Treasury, it was given to a boyar (grof) by the name of Gabor Bethlen. Regardless of that outcome, the estate was eventually sold to the Armenians, and the Bethlen family received another estate in turn, the castle remaining in the property of the Armenians.

The castle was in ruins at the end of the 18th century and in the 19th century served as a court, prosecution hall, jail, library and school. Another source says it was also a military post.

In 2010, Norway, Lichtenstein and Iceland have provided government support for the renovation of the castle. Supposedly the Union of Armenians of Romania hosts a museum inside the castle, in four rooms, but as I said above, no one was available to show us around.

Enjoy the photographs!

Apafi Castle, Dumbraveni, Transilvania, Romania

Places

The Apafi Castle in Dumbraveni

Places

The Bolyai Castle

This castle with a rich history is now found in an advanced state of ruin in the out-of-the-way village of Buia (“Bell” in German, “Bólya” in Hungarian) in Transilvania, Romania. I took these photographs in 2009. I don’t know how much of it still stands today, eight years later. The castle isn’t big but it is interesting in its mix of gothic and baroque architecture and it must have looked beautiful when it was in good shape. In its heyday, it had 12 rooms. The courtyard was paved and furnished with stone tables and chairs. Outside, there was a walking alley lined with chestnut trees. Pine trees were planted all around the castle. One source says the castle’s chapel possibly existed even before the castle itself and was integrated into one of its wings afterward. Another source says there existed at one point a particularly gruesome execution room where the guilty were thrown into sickle blades, and that there was a tall linden tree just outside the castle where people were hung and kept there as an example for others.

The full name of the place is the Toldi-Bolyai Castle and its construction dates from 1324. If the name Bolyai sounds familiar to you, that’s because the largest university in Romania is named Babeș-Bolyai and it’s in Cluj-Napoca, about 2 hours away by car from this castle. Another written mention from 1467 says it belonged to Vízaknai Miklós, about whom I cannot find more information, but given that Vízaknai is Ocna Sibiului, which is not far away from Buia, I take it Miklós was the ruler of the region at that time. In 1599, we find the castle in the possession of Mihai Viteazul, a legendary Romanian ruler, to whom it was gifted by Báthory Zsigmond (the ruler of Transilvania at the time) after the battle of Șelimbăr, along with a number of villages in the area. After Mihai’s death, the castle came to the Gálfi family; Gálfi János left an inscription above the castle’s entrance which is barely visible now. It was then gifted to Toldi György (hence the castle’s name) by Bethlen Gábor, who was Prince of Transilvania at the time. The Toldi family kept the castle until the 19th century. In 1920, the castle became the property of the government of Romania. A village dispensary was built there by modifying some of the rooms for the needs of medical personnel. It functioned until 1978, after which the place was left to the winds and was used for the storage of various village goods without any care at all for its state.

The ruins of the Castle Bolyai in the village of Buia, Transilvania, Romania

Places

The Rupea Fortress

We visited the Rupea Fortress a number of years ago, before the restoration work began. Now the work is complete and it’s amazing to see the difference. We visited it recently and took another set of photos. Those are coming soon. In the meantime, here is a set of the photos taken back when it was still falling apart.

There’s a lot of history packed into that hilltop where the fortress is built. Archeological digs found evidence of settlements dating back to 5500-3500 BC. When Romania was known as Dacia, before it was conquered and colonized by the Romans, the place was known as Rumidava. Afterward, it became known as Rupes, from the basaltic rock of the hill where it’s built. When the Saxons colonized Transilvania, the fortress became known as Castrum Kuholm, the word “kuholm” refering once again to the same basaltic rock. There is more information here, should you be interested.

The Rupea Fortress before the restoration work, Rupea, Romania

Outside the Rupea Fortress

The Rupea Fortress before the restoration work, Rupea, Romania

I hope you enjoyed the photos! I took them with my Canon EOS 5D and the EF 24-105mm f/4L lens.

Canon EOS 5D

Canon EF 24-105mm f4L IS USM Lens

The Bethlen-Cris Castle is located in its namesake village, Cris, which is in Southern Transilvania, Romania. The medieval castle has been declared an historic monument. It dates back to the 14th century, having been modified and enlarged until the 18th century. Some say it is the prettiest Renaisance castle in Transilvania.

It has a square plan, having been built as a fortified residence for the Bethlen family. It has towers at all four corners and high walls on all sides. Well, it had high walls on all sides in the past. During Romania’s comunist times, the castle fell into ruins and some of its living quarters were even used as stables, which was a standard communist practice applied to all aristocratic castles in the country.

When we visited it, in 2010, the castle was undergoing a renovation and restoration process. The caretaker told us there was talk of converting one of its wings into a pension/hotel. At any rate, we’re glad the castle is being restored and will be used again.

Here is a gallery of selected photos I took there.